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The paper presents the operation principles of 3D scanning technologies of different size objects, from
very small (a few centimetres) to very large (several hundred meters, e.g. buildings, aeroplanes). They
are commonly used by engineers of different specialties, and can be useful in archaeological
research. One of the leading technologies involves the emission of structured light on the digitised
object. Refraction of light on the object, and then comparing the distortion with the master matrix
allows the calculation of spatial coordinates of individual points on the surface of the object. Another
3D scanning technology uses laser. The delay in the time it takes for the light ray reflected from the
surface to return also makes it possible to calculate the coordinates of a given point of the analysed
object. These methods are completely non-invasive with respect to the scanned object, which allows
their application in archaeological research. Scanning methods are complemented by technologies for
rapid prototyping of virtual objects in the real world by using 3D printers.
The use of the above modern technologies, assisted by advanced software, requires specialised
preparation. In view of the fact that their profession belongs to the area of humanities, archaeologists
usually do not have sufficient knowledge of the technical sciences, including specialist skills in
information technology such as computer graphics and 3D technology.
This paper describes a method of archaeological training which at the first stage covers the adoption
of specialised nomenclature in the field of computer 3D graphics, at the second stage - the basic
operations of 3D scanners and replicators, and at the third stage – mastering the basic programming
skills for post-processing 3D scans and object preparation for 3D printing, as well as the environment
enabling reconstruction of artefacts which could not be found in excavations or were destroyed. In the
training process use was made of the devices and software from the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems
Programming and Computer 3D Technology, being part of the Institute of Computer Science of the
Lublin University of Technology in Poland. The methodological research is carried out within the
cooperation between the Lublin University of Technology, Poland, and the Samarkand State
University, Uzbekistan
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