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The aim of this paper is to determine the development paths of more- and less-developed regions in the European Union in the 21st century. Based on the literature review, we characterised development paths through different economic and social indicators, particularly those related to innovativeness. We hypothesized that specific factors support growth in regions, but these factors differ according to the level of regional development. The results indicate that less-developed regions with high growth rates are characterised by very positive changes in the intensity of high-tech industries, the level of education of the society as a whole and the level of employment in science and technology as well as by fixed assets in manufacturing industries that may indicate increases in technology transfer. Relatively higher increases in employment in medium-high-tech and low-tech industries and knowledge-intensive services characterise more-developed regions with high growth rates. In both less and more-developed regions with high growth rates, an increase in the share of research and development in GDP was observed, as was an increase in the rate of the employment of women. Therefore, we confirmed that factors inducing growth in various regions differ.
