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This research was funded by competition “6/1.1.1/2020 SS Du ̇ze/MSP/JN 4” application
for co-financing of the project no.: POIR.01.01.01-00-1811/20 “Autobus elektryczny generacji 3D—
innowacyjne metody produkcji oparte o wytwarzanie przyrostowe (druk 3D) oraz technologie
kompozytowe na potrzeby lekkich autobusów elektrycznych”.
Road transport is one of the most important factors for the national economy due to its
universality and comprehensive possibilities of transporting people and goods. Unfortunately, from
the energy point of view, it is also the most cost-intensive and has a negative influence on the natural
environment. For these reasons, issues related to limiting the use of conventional fuels are very
important, which results in reducing emissions from this sector, as well as reducing transport costs.
This article presents currently used energy sources for propulsion of road vehicles, including fossil
and alternative fuels, gaseous fuels and other energy sources such as fuel cells. The following section
presents technologies that allow to recover some of the energy lost in motor vehicles and internal
combustion engines used for their propulsion. The principle of operation of these solutions, their
structure and their main features are presented. The last part focuses on discussing and identifying
the most universal technologies for energy harvesting in vehicles and showing further directions of
energy development in the automotive sector.