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A.L.-R. and L.K. would like to thank Warsaw University of Technology, Poland—Excellence
Initiative (Materials Technologies–3 ADVANCED, grant agreement no 1820/359/Z01/POB5/2021)
for funding this research. A.L.-R. would also like to thank the National Science Centre, Poland, for
further financial support under Preludium BIS-4, grant no. 2022/47/O/ST5/01336.
This paper presents methods for developing high-performance interface electrode materials
designed to enhance signal collection efficacy during long-term (over 24 h) electrocardiography
(ECG) monitoring. The electrode materials are fabricated by integrating commercial ECG liquid
hydrogels with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are widely utilized in dry-electrode technologies
and extensively discussed in the current scientific literature. The composite materials are either
prepared by dispersing CNTs within the commercial liquid hydrogel matrix or by encasing the
hydrogels in macroscopic CNT films. Both approaches ensure the optimal wetting of the epidermis
via the hydrogels, while the CNTs reduce material impedance and stabilize the drying process. The
resulting electrode materials maintain their softness, allowing for micro-conformal skin attachment,
and are biocompatible. Empirical testing confirms that the ECG electrodes employing these hybrid
hydrogels adhere to relevant standards for durations exceeding 24 h. These innovative hybrid
solutions merge the benefits of both wet and dry ECG electrode technologies, potentially facilitating
the extended monitoring of ECG signals and thus advancing the diagnosis and treatment of various
cardiac conditions.
