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his work was supported by the Ukrainian National Academy
of Sciences, grant numbers 0122U200071, 0120U101777, and
co-financed within the project PM/SP/0064/2021/1 titled
“Intelligent measurement techniques in the diagnosis and forecasting of shaft cracks and their dimensional and shape accuracy”, funded by the Ministry of Education and Science
(Poland) as a part of the Polish Metrology Programme and
co-financed within the project PM-II/SP/0040/2024/02 titled
“A machine learning-aided multisensor system for thermomechanical measurements and in-depth analysis of the surface layer in aircraft alloys”, funded by the Ministry of Education and Science (Poland) as a part of the Polish Metrology Programme II.
The paper presents a novel, low-cost and simple route for synthesis of TiOF2/CuO and F–TiO2/CuO
out of fluoride solutions. The obtained materials after calcination can be used in various photocatalytic
applications, e.g. in water treatment. It was demonstrated that control of synthesis process parameters,
such as pH, allowed for synthesis of particles with different phase composition and properties. Thus, pH64
environment had created conditions for formation of two structures of TiOF2, hexagonal and cubic ones,
as well as CuTiF6(H2O)4. Increase of Cu content promoted increase of the cubic c–TiOF2 phase. When
the solutions exhibited pH > 5, the synthesized particles consisted of (NH4)2TiF6 · 2H2O, (NH4)3TiF7,
and (NH4)2CuF4 · 4H2O. Calcination above 300 ◦C provided formation of TiOF2/CuO particles, while
elevated temperatures of 600 ◦C ensured appearance of F–TiO2/CuO material. It was found that higher
copper concentrations resulted with higher fluoride percentage after calcination at 600 ◦C. It was also
demonstrated that F–TiO2/CuO particles synthesized at đÍ64 exhibited energy band gap Eg of 3.3–3.25 eV,
which decreased down to 2.85 eV for higher copper(II) oxide concentrations of 10 wt.%. Notably, the
particles F–TiO2/CuO synthesized at pH > 5 exhibited band gap Eg of 3.4–3.5 eV, which decreased down
to 2.9 eV for higher CuO concentrations.
