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This project was financed by the Polish National Center for Research and Development
under the TANGO IV program under the title “Technology for unconventional falling off the rock
fragments”, project number: TANGO-IV-A/0058/2019.
This study examined the influence of the effective embedment depth hef of
undercut anchors and the diameter of their heads on the formation of the so-called cone
failure angle α. Cone failure formation during simulated anchor pull-out tests was analyzed
numerically using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the ABAQUS software and
the XFEM algorithm. The analysis was conducted for three sizes of undercut anchor
heads and four embedment depths. The numerical analysis results were compared with
field test results obtained during pull-out tests of anchors installed in a rock medium
(sandstone). Good agreement was observed between the numerical and field test results.
The results of the numerical study are highly consistent with those obtained during the
field survey. Moreover, they align closely with findings from previous numerical studies
conducted by members of the research team, as presented in earlier publications. For the
assumed simulation and field test conditions (sedimentary rocks, gray sandstone), no clear
correlation was found between the embedment depth or the anchor head diameter and the
value of the cone failure angle in the initial phase of the failure zone development. This
result contrasts with certain findings reported in the literature. Many existing studies on
anchor bolts focus on material properties or load-bearing capacity, but lack an in-depth
analysis of how anchor depth influences the geometry of the failure cone. This research
addresses that gap, providing valuable insights with practical implications for design codes
and safety evaluations.
